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The West Nile Virus (WNV) belongs to the
Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted to humans and animals through the bite of infected Culex mosquitoes which are active from dusk to dawn. The mosquitoes acquire the virus from feeding on infected birds. Human to human transmission does not occur.
Risk
West Nile Virus is commonly found in North America, Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and west Asia. Long-term travellers visiting endemic areas are at risk. Older persons and those with a weakened immune system or pre-existing health conditions are at increased risk of getting ill. Peak transmission occurs during summer months.
Symptoms
The majority of cases are asymptomatic – persons do not exhibit symptoms. Approximately 1 in 5 people have symptoms which include a fever, headaches, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, including a rash (typically on the torso) and swollen glands. Symptoms usually last a few days to several weeks. More severe symptoms of the illness include high fever, disorientation, tremors, convulsions, paralysis, and coma that can cause neurological damage. In rare cases the illness can be fatal. Treatment includes supportive care of symptoms and prevention of secondary infections.
Prevention
Travellers going to areas with outbreaks of West Nile Virus should take measures to prevent mosquito bites. There is no preventive medication or vaccine against West Nile Virus for humans.
Use a repellent containing 20%-30% DEET or 20% Picaridin on exposed skin. Re-apply according to manufacturer's directions.
